Sixty-one key cities across America have emerged from the Great Recession with a gap of more than $217 billion between what they had promised their workers in pensions and retiree health care and what they had saved to pay that bill, according to a report released Jan. 15 by The Pew Charitable Trusts. The new report includes the most populous city in each state, plus all others with populations greater than 500,000.
For pensions, these cities had a shortfall of $99 billion in fiscal year 2009, the most recent year with complete data. The rest of the shortfall—$118 billion—was for retiree health care and other benefits. Because some cities are slow to report their results, a complete set of data was available only through fiscal year 2009.
Between 2007 and 2009, 16 cities consistently did well in funding their pensions, while nine cities underperformed. Wide disparities exist in how well prepared cities are to fulfill their pension obligations to employees. Milwaukee, Wis., had a surplus at the end of fiscal year 2009, with enough money to cover 113% of its liabilities. At the other end of the spectrum, pension systems in four cities — Charleston, W.V.; Omaha, Neb.; Portland, Ore.; and Providence, R.I. —were the most poorly funded, with Charleston trailing all the cities at 24%.
“Cities like Charlotte, Milwaukee, and San Francisco show that pension obligations can be met in a sustainable and affordable way that benefits employees and taxpayers,” said David Draine, senior researcher at the Pew Center on the States. “On the other hand, rising costs for poorly funded pension systems can crowd out funding for other city priorities like roads and education, lead to tax increases, or threaten retirement benefits.”
Among the 61 cities, those with better-funded plans all had the discipline to pay their annual pension bills.
Nearly six out of 10 cities made at least 90% of their annual payments in all three years studied. Among those jurisdictions, pension funds weathered the recession better and their funding levels dropped only half as much as cities with poor funding habits.
How cities interact with their state can also have an influence on their pension system. For example, in Wilmington, Del., the six city-managed pension plans were on average 6% funded in 2010. In contrast, the pension fund managed by the state, which includes Wilmington police officers and firefighters hired since 1993, was 96 percent funded. Wilmington has since decided to enroll new general employees in the state-run plan.
However, in Louisville, Ky., most of its employees are enrolled in two state-run retirement plans. While the city consistently paid 100% or more of its required contribution in fiscal years 2007-2010, its pension savings kept losing ground because the state required cost of living adjustments without ensuring they would be funded. That mandate substantially contributed to the unfunded liability facing the city.
For pensions, the 16 best performing cities included in the Pew study are: Albuquerque, N.M.; Baltimore; Charlotte, N.C.; Dallas; Denver; Des Moines, Iowa; Los Angeles; Milwaukee; Salt Lake City; San Antonio; San Francisco; Seattle; Sioux Falls, S.D.; Virginia Beach, Va.; Washington, D.C.; Wichita, Kan.
The nine worst performing cities included in the Pew study are: Charleston, W.V.; Chicago; Fargo, N.D.; Jackson, Miss.; Little Rock, Ark.; New Orleans; Omaha, Neb.; Philadelphia; and Portland, Ore.
Besides pensions, many localities also have promised health care, life insurance, and other non-pension benefits to their current and future retirees, but few have started saving to cover these long-term costs. As of 2009, only Los Angeles and Denver had even half of the money needed to fulfill their promises to employees. Thirty-three cities had set aside nothing to pay for this bill coming due.
